
Qass. 
Book. 






SENATE No. 1. 



ADDRESS 



HIS EXCELLENCY / 00%^ 



JOHN A. ANDEEW, 



TWO BRANCHES 



tslatnre of Passatjjnsetts, 



JANUARY 9, 1863 



i.v<--'^ ■;•>/, 



^^nrfAA^LO^ 



BOSTON: 

WEIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS, 

No. 4 Spring Lane. 

18 63. 






ex$ii 



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A D D E E S S . 



Gentlemen of the Senate and 

House op Representatives : — 

Assembled in the Capitol of the Commonwealth to 
inaugurate the political year with becoming ceremo- 
nies, and to enter upon the honorable duties of your 
trust as law-givers of the People, I join you in humble 
thanksgiving to Almighty God for the merciful provi- 
dences which have attended all the experiences of the 
year which has closed behind us ; and for the promises 
and signs of His continued favor to the obedient. 

I invite your thoughtful consideration of the attitude, 
aifairs, prospects and duties of the Commonwealth. 

The permanent Public Debt, exclusive of the loans 
of the credit of the Commonwealth to various 
Railroad Corporations, is $5,257,000 00 

Provision has been made for this debt as follows : — 

7,716 shares Western Railroad stock at $140 per 

share is, $1,080,240 00 

Back Bay Lands Fund, 375,000 00 

Almshouse Sinking Fund, .... 69,2G0 00 

Union Loan Sinking Fund, .... 1,771,525 00 

Claims of the State against the United States, say, 1,800,000 00 



$5,096,025 00 



GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. 



[Jan . 



The receipts into the Treasury of the Cominon- 
wealth, from the ordinary revenue for the year 1862, 
were $2,947,732.48, and were derived from the follow- 
ing sources, namely : — 

Direct State Tax of 1862, . . $1,763,108 62 
Balance of direct State Tax for 

former years, .... 13,048 56 



Bank Tax, ........ 

Savinjjs Bank Tax, ...... 

Insurance Tax, ....... 

Insolvency Courts, ...... 

Income from Sinking Funds applicable to the extin- 
guishment of public debt, and accrued interest on 
scrip sold, ....... 

Miscellaneous, ....... 



1,776,157 18 

654,022 50 

228,683 21 

111,021 79 

32,652 00 



112,022 91 
33,172 89 

},947,732 48 



The disbursements for the year amounted to 
!|1,683,390.93, and were for the following purposes : — 

Executive Department, including the Governor 

and Council, Secretary's, Treasurer's, Auditor's, 

and Attorney-General's Departments, . . $60,455 99 

Judicial Department, 110,047 44 

Legislative Department, 128,393 45 

Agricultural Department, . . . . . 30,881 67 

State Library, 4,300 00 

Sergeant-at-Arms, including State House accounts, 13,900 78 

Bank Commissioners, ...... 8,388 09 

Insurance Commissioners, ..... 5,502 53 

Military Department, 37,330 20 

Disbursements for Charitable Institutions, «&c., . 320,323 50 

State Aid to Families of Volunteers, . . . 435,251 77 

Miscellaneous, ....... 61,415 99 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 5 

Disbursements for Correctional Institutions and 

purposes, ........ $142,512 64 

Interest, including $51,403.35 premium on coin, . 324,680 88 



1,683,390 93 



The collections of the revenue have heen promptly 
made ; and, although in the midst of war, and not- 
withstanding the millions of dollars by voluntary 
contributions and public appropriation expended in 
various forms of succor to our brave defenders in the 
field, and of relief to their families at home, the 
Treasury of the Commonwealth presents a spectacle 
of strength and prosperity usual only in peace, and 
worthy the resources and patriotism of the people of 
Massachusetts. 

The returns from the cities and towns on account 
of aid furnished to the families of volunteers during 
the year 1862, exhibit the amount of about two 
millions of dollars, for which the Municipalities have 
a claim to be reimbursed by the Commonwealth and 
for which provision will need to be made by the 
present General Court. This belongs to a class of 
public burdens which will be met by the people with 
cheerful alacrity. 

Interest on the bonds of the Commonwealth lent to 
the Eastern Railroad Company for $500,000, and to 
the Norwich and Worcester Railroad Company for 



6 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

1400,000, became due at the State Treasury on the 
first days of July last and of January current. 

The price of com to pay this interest July 1, 1862, 
was 10 per cent. ; January 1, 1863, 33 per cent. 

The amount of interest due July 1, 1862, was 
$24,500, the x)remium on gold, 10 per cent., $2,450 ; 
the amount of interest due January 1, 1863, was 
124,500, premium on gold 33 per cent., $8,085. 
Total, $49,000, at a iiremium of $10,535. 

The payments were made by the Treasurer in coin 
as required by law, but their reimbursement in com, 
demanded by the Treasurer, was refused by the 
corporations for whose benefit the credit of the State 
was pledged, which repaid those sums only in United 
States currency, legally tendered to the Treasurer, at 
a loss to the treasury of $10,535. 

Raising troops in 1862. 

At the close of the year 1861, Massachusetts had 
sent to the field 3,736 militia for three months' service, 
and twenty-two regiments and eight companies of 
infantry, one regiment of cavalry, five batteries of V 
light artillery, and two companies of sharpshooters, 
volunteers for three years. During the year 1862, 
4,043 miUtia were assembled at Boston, (in the month 
of May,) on requisition from the Federal Govern- 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 7 

ment ; and thirty regiments and four companies of 
infantry, three companies of cavahy, five batteries 
of light artillery, five companies of heavy artillery, 
and two companies of militia (Cadets,) were sent 
mto Federal service. Since the new year another 
battery of light artillery has gone to the field. Of 
these, thirteen regiments and three companies of 
infantry, the three companies of cavalry, four batteries 
of light artillery, and the five companies of heavy 
artillery, were three years' volunteers ; seventeen 
regiments of mfantry and one battery of light artil- 
lery were mustered for nine months, and one bat- 
tery of light artillery and one company of infantry 
for six months. Of the two Cadet companies, 
one remained m Federal service for two months 
and one for five months. There are now recruit- 
mg in the State an additional regiment of cavaby, 
three more hght artillery batteries, and another 
company of sharpshooters. Including these, Massa- 
chusetts has at this time in the service of the 
United States fifty-two regiments of infantry, two regi- 
ments and three companies of cavalry-, fourteen batteries 
of light artillery, one regiment and three companies of 
heavy artillery, and three companies of sharpshooters, 
which computed at theii- full strength would make an 
aggregate of 60,000 men. But many of these corps 



8 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

are now far from full. The rolls of some sliow less 
than a thu'd of the full strength for duty, such has 
been the loss by battle and disease, without a corres- 
ponding accession of recruits. During the year 1862, 
however, nearly 7,000 recruits appear, by the state- 
ment of the Federal Superintendent of the Recruiting- 
Service, to have been sent to the Massachusetts 
regiments in the field ; and according to an estimate 
reported to me by the Adjutant-General, more than 
1,200 were sent in 1861. This branch of the service 
has long been within exclusive control of Federal 
officers, having been organized in December, 1861, by 
an Order of the War Department. A General Super- 
mtendent of the Recruiting Service was designated by 
the Secretary of War, and stationed at Boston, under 
whose direction recruiting parties sent back to the 
State from the corps in the field, pursue thek work, 
and from whom, together Avith the Federal staff 
officers on duty here, the funds are di-awn for the 
Federal bounty and advance pay, the authorized 
expenses of recruiting, and the subsistence, equip- 
ment and transportation of recruits. The extent of 
the power of the State Government has been to 
•encom-age enlistments into old corps in preference to 
new organizations, whenever and however it has had 
opportunity, by popular appeals, and by personal and 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 9 

written advice to municipal magistrates. Its exer- 
tions to this end would have been more effective, had 
the duties of this recruiting service also been imposed 
upon it, in like manner with the original raising 
of volunteer corps. The line of demarcation drawn 
by the Federal Government, is well defined, assign- 
ing to the State Governments - the labor of raising 
new corps, the recruitment for which, after they 
have once been completed, and have passed into 
Federal service, it reserves to itself, and executes 
through the recruiting parties detailed by regimental 
commanders, and acting under the army officers 
detailed from the head-quarters of the army to super- 
intend recruiting in the States. During the past 
year, it has reserved also the provision of all supplies, 
of whatever description, pertaining to the staff depart- 
ments of the army, as well for the new troops raised 
by the States, as for recruits for old corps. The 
advantages to the Federal Government of this system, 
are obvious, in preventing inflation of the prices of 
goods by competition between the different States, and 
in securmg uniformity of cost, color, shape and 
quality. But its inevitable circumlocution, in respect 
to the new corps, and the inability of the State 
Government always to control the provision and issue 
of supplies to the best advantage — in the absence 

2 



10 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

of any depot of supply in New England — Avere 
clogs on our recruiting service which we did not 
encounter in 1861, when the State delivered its 
regiments to the Federal Government, fully armed 
and equipped at its own expense. Nevertheless, 
the number of troops sent from the State in 1862, 
largely exceeded that of the previous year, the 
period occupied bemg about the same in both, for 
during the spring of 1862 the Federal Govern- 
ment pursued the policy of refusing to accept new 
troops, and even discontmued for awhile the recruit- 
ing for corps aheady in the field. Early in June, 
however, it was resumed, and a call for 15,000 
more volunteers for three years was made on Massa- 
chusetts, which in August was followed by the 
call for 19,000 militia for nine months. A com- 
parison of the dates at which the various corps 
raised by the State during the two years, were sent 
into active service, shows that notwithstanding the 
change in the system of supplies, and the increased 
difficulty of recruiting, by reason of so large a 
portion of the population of military age liaAdng 
already been enlisted, the military movements of 1862 
were as prompt and active as were those of 1861. 
[The table marked (A) attached to the printed copy 
of this Address, affords means for the comparison.] 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 11 

Whatever may have been the comparative disadvan- 
tages under which in 1862 we assumed the duty 
of raising anew the Massachusetts contingent for the 
Union army, the unfailing patriotism of the people 
and the powerful support of the municipal govern- 
ments enabled us to overcome all difficulties. 

The orders fixing the time for marching each corps 
from the State, are practically determined by the 
military authorities of the United States. I have 
always insisted, that, so for as possible, every corps 
should receive a full outfit and equipment before 
leaving the Commonwealth. Thus much I have felt 
was demanded by my duty to the soldiers and the 
people. And I deeply regretted the denial of our 
request that all of the troops of Massachusetts 
destined for expeditions by sea, should be permitted 
to remain in barracks and to embark from our own 
ports, where the Government of their own State could 
protect them from such needless hardships and perils 
as were encountered by some of them in their 
encampment and embarkation at New York. 

The conduct of the troops of this Commonwealth, 
whether in camp, on the march, or under fire, has 
won the unqualified commendation of all the generals 
under whom they have served. They are universal 
favorites, sought for by commanders for their intelli- 



12 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

gence, obedience and valor. Interesting reports of 
their military history from the colonels of many of 
the corps, and letters from many general officers 
under whom they have acted, have been received, 
which afford evidence, besides that derived from 
other sources, of the brilliant heroism and patient 
endurance of these sons and brothers of our people. 
These documents are all in the hands of the Adjutant- 
General who will remember them in the preparation 
of his Annual Report. 

The Draft. 

It is impossible to find space in this Address 
to narrate all the proceedings under which our con- 
tingent of militia was raised. The requisitions from 
the National Government, the regulations under 
which this department was conducted, the orders 
emanating from the military head-quarters of the 
Commonwealth, the rules there adopted and its 
methods of proceeding, will be recited in the report 
of the Adjutant-General. And a full and carefully 
prepared narration and explanatory statement of all 
matters relating especially to the drafting of militia, 
will be found in that report. 

The orders for nineteen thousand and eighty militia .'; 
to be drafted for nme months' service came while we 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 13 

were yet raising a part of our contingent of the three 
years' vokmteers, called for on the 2d of June. The 
duties thus imposed, in their manifold details relat- 
ing to the new enrolment, exemption, computation 
of quotas, distribution of quotas, and the like, 
plainly demanded the undivided supervision of an 
officer to be specially detailed for that service. No 
officer then on duty could be spared for the employ- 
ment. To this end, I appointed a gentleman, as an 
Assistant Adjutant-General, of rare adaption to the 
precise labors these peculiar duties involved, who has 
performed his delicate and arduous task with success 
and intelligence which merits this acknowledgment. 

Questions of grave practical importance, affecting 
the interests and feelings of large masses of the 
people, sometimes involving local and geographical 
considerations, points of honor on which whole 
communities were sensitive, points of right even, 
touching which all men are jealous, many of them 
difficult, all of them new and without a precedent, 
have crowded upon the Executive for decision. For 
their correct decision he alone was responsible. The 
responsibility could not be shared. Grateful for the 
cordial, intelligent and constant assistance I have 
always received from all the other officers surrounding 
J me, military and civil, as opportunity was afforded 



14 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

them, I owe to the people of Massachusetts and to 
the officers of their municipal governments, an inex- 
pressible gratitude for the considerate forbearance, 
the manly zeal, the unfaltering patriotism with which 
the determinations of this Department have been 
accepted and sustained. 

Bo^mties. 

The payment of bounties by cities and towns to 
encourage enlistments in the military service, thus 
relieving their enrolled militia from being subjected to 
draft, will demand your attention, and legislation will 
be needed in order to legalize such action of the 
municipal authorities. I respectfully recommend that 
the Commonwealth assume all such bounties up to 
some reasonable and liberal amount, per capita. The 
call made upon a given locality for recruits, is a matter 
of convenience in the raising of troops. The duty 
of furnishing its contingent, in fact, resides in the 
Commonwealth itself; and, since the policy was 
universal, and was adopted by common consent, of 
substituting the motive of bounties in the stead of 
conscription, I cannot doubt that true equity requires 
the burden of taxation for then* payment to be ascer- 
tained and laid on the taxable property and polls of 
the whole people, in the proportion which the whole | 



18G3.] SENATE— No. 1. 15 

burden bears to the valuation of the whole Common- 
wealth. Otherwise, we shall leave it to the towns to 
pay, not in proportion to their means of payment, but 
in proportion to the number of men they enlisted. 
This would seem to be unjust to the poorer towns, 
and the more so because such communities have 
already to endure the loss to theii- industry and pros- 
perity occasioned by devoting their young and active 
men to the service of the country. 

I would venture the suggestion that this is a kind of 
obligation which ought not to be unnecessarily thrown 
on the shoulders of another generation. The duty of 
bearing arms in the national defence rests on the 
generation of the time being. The expenses incident 
to the selection of the precise individuals who shall 
perform military duties for the community, should 
be paid by those who constitute that community ; 
and I recommend that a system of State taxation 
be adopted for the extinguishment, within five years, 
of this class of obligations. 

Desertion. 

Desertion, in the sense of wanton flight from duty, 
I am confident, is rare. But, owing to the unsyste- 
matized way in which sick and wounded men were, 
for many months, disposed of ; the difficulties attend- 



16 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

ant on finding tlieir regiments and reaching them ; 
and their dread of the convalescent and the 
stragglers' camps at Alexandria ; many men not 
unwilling to do their duties, have been detained 
from their regiments, and not accounted for until at 
last they became marked on the rolls as absentees 
without leave. Certain conspicuous instances of such 
mistakes have occurred within my personal knowl- 
edge. Convalescent soldiers are de tamed as nurses 
in hospitals ; others are sent on detached duty of 
every sort, detailed to assist quartermasters and com- 
missaries ; rolls, returns, books of whole regiments 
are utterly lost on retreats or hasty marches ; and 
many missing men are, in consequence unjustly 
reported, for the time, as deserters. On lists of more 
than twelve hundred soldiers reported to these head- 
quarters as absent without leave, only some twenty 
had manifestly deserted, in the criminal sense, so as 
to justify their being publicly announced by name. 
Indeed, it was the somew^hat rhetorical testimony of 
one of the most devoted of our regimental com- 
manders that the bravest and most daring exhibitions 
he had witnessed during the war were the efforts of { 
his men to escape to the front. 

I, of course, do not include in these remarks those 
persons attracted by recent bounties, of whom there! 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 17 

have been too many striving to enlist withont the 
purpose of servmg. 

Acknowledgment is clue to the municipal magis- 
trates, of their cordial co-operation with the Provost 
Marshal in his efforts to restore absentees to their 
regiments, undiscouraged by the difficulties in the 
Federal system of reimbursing the expenses of such 
service. 

Hegimental Rolls, and The Soldiers' Families' Relief 

Law. 

The perfectness of our regimental rolls, (necessarily 
and constantly changing,) and the facility of access to 
the information they should supply, are in the imme- 
diate present, and will be for many years to come, 
objects of grave practical importance. The relief 
afforded by the towns to the families of volunteers, 
the reimbursement of the towns therefor, the adjust- 
ment of questions concerning national bounties, bounty 
lands and pensions, are among the more apparent 
reasons for solicitude in rendering these records full, 
authentic, and easy to be consulted and understood. 
Nor is it any more than just to our volunteers, their 
families and posterity, to say nothing of the claims of 
history upon the fidelity with which we record the 
great transactions of our time, that the name and fate 

3 



18 GOYERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

of every actor in the War should be preserved in 
permanence and without error. I have therefore 
caused measures to be recently taken in the office of 
the Adjutant-General for the thorough revision of all 
the regimental rolls and for the preparation of an 
additional roll, with an alphabetical arrangement, con- 
taining in eleven columns, a consolidated outline of 
the particulars needing to be known and of possible 
attainment. 

I respectfully call your attention to the condition of 
families dependent on volunteers who have fallen in 
the service by wounds resulting fatally or in perma- 
nent disability. The death or discharge of such, in 
many cases, puts their families in danger of pauperism, 
which the temporary continuance of the State relief 
might permanently avert. I am aware, there is 
a sense in which it seems true that you can scarcely 
do one more harm than to help him ; and yet the 
duty of society imposes the utmost solicitude to assist 
those to help themselves who have lost their natural 
stay and staff in serving the common cause. 

But no public benefaction can sujiply the deepest 
want of all. The gentle and sympathizing offices of 
neighborly kindness and personal good will, alone 
can cheer the sorrowmg heart of widowhood, encour- 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 19 

age the sinking hopes and smooth the rugged way of 
orphanage. 

The Act for the rehef of the families of vohmteers 
inchides among its beneficiaries the brothers and 
sisters, standing m need of aid, dependent on the 
volunteer at the time of liis enlistment. But by an 
omission, apparently inadvertent, it does not include 
them in the class of dependent relatives, the expense 
of whose rehef shall be reimbursed to the towns by 
the Commonwealth. I recommend an amendment 
supplymg this omission. 

The Ordnance Bureau. 

I have akeady alluded to the change m the method 
of equipping our troops which has occurred withui 
the year, the State havmg pro\ided theh origmal 
supplies m 1861, the United States in 1862. This 
was the case also with thek armament. Durmg the 
past year, the State received from England nearly six 
thousand Enfield rifled arms, being the remainder of 
the purchases made there by its agent m 1861. All 
of these, together with such other eff"ective arms as it 
akeady held, were issued to its troops, but for the 
remaming arms necessary, it was obliged to draw 
upon the Federal Ordnance Bureau, from which 
there were received during the year, 8,100 Springfield, 



20 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

2,700 Enfield, and 3,600 Austrian muskets, all rifled. 
Of the thirteen volunteer three years' infantry regi- 
ments, which marched from the State m 1862, one, 
(the Twenty-eighth,) received its arms in 1861, and 
two, (the Thktieth and Thirty-first,) were furnished 
independently of the State Government. The remain- 
ing ten were armed, five with Springfield and five with 
Enfield rifled muskets. Of the seventeen regiments 
of nine months' uifantry, four received Sprmgfield 
rifles, five Enfield rifies, two Windsor rifles, four 
Austrian rifles, and two Springfield smooth-bored 
muskets. So far as the State Government was able to 
discriminate, it issued the superior arms to the 
regiments having the longest term of service ; but 
owing to the receipt of the arms from the United 
States by instalments proportioned to the progress of 
the recruitment, its discretion in this respect was 
inconsiderable. 

The State Arsenal is now almost empty of arms 
belonging to the Commonwealth. Less than a 
hundred rifles remain there, and hardly enough 
smooth-bored muskets to arm a single regiment. 
Of the fragments of our Volunteer Militia, the Cadets 
of the Fu'st and Second Divisions, four companies of 
cavalry, one section of artillery and a single company 
of infantry alone remain ; and these are not all armed. 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 21 

In time of peace such destitution of military supplies 
would awake apprehension. In such a time as this, I 
can regard it only with the utmost anxiety. I have 
the honor, therefore, to repeat earnestly the recommen- 
dation which I addressed to the Legislature of the last 
year, that contracts be immediately authorized for the 
supply to the State of not less than fifteen thousand 
stand of first-class arms, and that domestic mdustry 
and skill be employed for their manufacture. Our 
Springfield rifles are unquestionably superior to any 
of foreign make which can be imported at equal cost. 

In this connection I regret to be obliged agam 
to allude to the abuse of arms issued to militia 
companies, and at the camps of rendezvous, more 
especially at those of the nine months' than of the 
three years' volunteers. The report of the Master 
of Ordnance will aflbrd exact information concerning 
this grievance, which is important not only on 
account of its pecuniary consequence, but as indicat- 
ing an inadequate standard of military discipline. 
And of even greater possible consequence is the fact 
' that upon sudden emergency dependence must some- 
times be placed upon the arms so abused. 

A new National Militia Law may reasonably be 
expected. Congress cannot long defer this duty. 
Meanwhile, this Commonwealth can by*certain modifi- 



22 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

cations of its own legislation, and by furnishing the 
needed arms and equipments, create an active body of 
troops adapted to all the purposes of a State militia. 

The reasonable security of the State demands a 
militia organization which shall include in addition 
to infantry, two regiments of cavalry and at least 
five batteries of light artillery, for whose arms and 
equipment I recommend that an appropriation be 
made. The park of field-pieces now owned by the 
State, would be madequate for actual service, in view 
of the modern improvements in ai'tillery. The 
larger part of this military material, when obtained, 
should remam on deposit in the arsenal ; and for the 
ordinary use of the infantry regiments of militia, for 
drill and parade, a number of second-class arms should 
be provided, which can readily be purchased on reason- 
able terms, the importation of them into the country 
during the past year having exceeded the demand for 
them for active service. 

Two unserviceable iron guns, six pounders, have 
been delivered by the Master of Ordnance, on 
consultation with the Governor and Council, to ' 
Dr. Upham, the Massachusetts surgeon in charge 
of the hospital at Beaufort, North Carolina, to 
be used as gateposts of a fence which he was erecting 
at his own e'kpense, around the hospital cemetery 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 23 

where repose the remams of many of the soldiers of 
our Commonwealth, heroes of Hoanoke and of 
Newborn. 

Smee the summer of 1862, several of our volunteer 
corps, which reported that their colors had become 
unfit for use by being torn in battle and worn by the 
exposm-es of service, have been supplied by the 
Master of Ordnance with new flags, upon the return 
to his charge of those which they had borne so 
honorably through two campaigns. I respectfully 
ask an appropriation to cover the expense thus 
incurred, and of the replacement when needed, of the 
colors of all the Massachusetts troops. It is our 
proud satisfaction to know that never yet has the 
white standard of this Commonwealth been surren- 
dered to the enemy. 

Fortifications and Coast Defence. 

Under date of October 14th, 1861, a ckcular letter 
was addressed by the Federal Secretary of State to 
the Governors on the seaboard and the lakes, request- 
"ing them to submit to the Legislatures of their States 
the subject of coast defences, and urgmg that such 
defences should be perfected by a temporary use of 
the means of the States, on conference with the 
Federal Government and with the assurance of 



24 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

reimbursement from the Federal treasury. These 
suggestions were immediately acted upon, especially 
by the Governments of Massachusetts and Maine, 
whose seaboard is more extensive and exposed than 
that of any others of the loyal States. Information 
was requested and partially obtained from the War 
Department to enable an estimate of the cost of com- 
pleting and arming the fortifications projected for the 
Massachusetts coast; and the subject was presented 
to Congress m the belief that the system to be 
pursued by the States m respect to the advance and 
employment of then* funds and the time and mamier of 
reimbursement, should be defined by Federal legisla- 
tion. No Federal legislation, however, was procured, 
although earnest appeals were made to the appropriate 
committees, the State of Maine being represented 
before them by commissioners deputed for the purpose, 
and Massachusetts by the Governor, the Master of 
Ordnance, and a number of the most prominent 
merchants of her capital. Notwithstandmg this inac- 
tion, the Legislature of Massachusetts, m February, 
adopted a Resolve authorizing the Governor, with the 
advice of the Council, to enter into contracts to the 
amount of five hundred thousand dollars, for the 
manufacture of ordnance suitable for the defence of 
its coast, but with the restricting provisions that 



i\ 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 25 

advertisement should be made for proposals for these 
contracts, and that the work should be done under the 
supervision of officers to be appointed by the Govern- 
ment of the United States. By an estimate based on 
the data procured from the War Department, and 
revised by consultation with such Federal ordnance- 
officers as were accessible, the cost of completing the 
armament of the Massachusetts coast, according to the 
project of the Engineer Bureau, was calculated at 
about twelve hundred and twenty thousand dollars for 
guns of the calibre of eight inches and upwards, after 
making allowance for all such ordnance which could 
be expected to be received from the Federal Govern- 
ment during the years 1862 and 1863 ; and the cost 
of the lesser calibres would swell the amount to much 
more than fifteen hundred thousand dollars. The 
legislative Resolve, therefore, had it been susceptible 
of execution, would have made provision for about 
one-third of this amount. Dkectly upon its passage 
application was made to the War Department for 
the detail of an ordnance officer to superintend 
the work ; but the request was declined from 
unwillingness to spare any such officer from strictly 
Federal service. While this application was yet 
undecided, the conffict occurred in Hampton Roads 
between the Merrimack and Monitor; the former 



26 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

theories of naval attack and coast defence were 
suddenly disturbed; and a serious doubt was cast 
upon the stability of any projects of fortification or 
armament of our harbors. At this time my presence 
at Washington was officially requested by the Depart- 
ment of AVar, and I was there urged to propose to the 
Legislature to concentrate its expenditui-e upon the 
immediate construction of iron-clad vessels for coast 
defence. The result was the passage of the Eesolve 
of March 25th, authorizmg the use of any portion of 
the sum provided for ordnance by the Resolve of Feb- 
ruary 14th, m building one or more hon-clad steamers 
for the protection of the coast of Massachusetts. A 
committee of two members of the Executive Council, 
to whom were added the President of the Boston 
Board of Trade, and an eminent civil engmeer, was 
forthwith charged mth the execution of this Resolve. 
The plans for such a vessel were in progress, and 
parties stood ready to contract for the construction, 
when' a protest agamst the work was received from 
the Department of the Navy, allegmg that that 
Department was willing to put " under construction 
in every pai't of the country, all that the utmost 
resources of the people could accomplish," and that 
it was " sorry to find a State entering the market in 
competition witli Government, the result of which 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 27 

could only injure both parties." To this the answer 
was returned that there were at least two mechanical 
establishments in Massachusetts capable of building 
such vessels immediately, but that it did not appear 
that Government had attempted to engage the services 
of either of them. The reply of the Navy Depart- 
ment was an offer to each of these establishments of a 
contract for building an iron-clad steamer ; and on the 
same day the War Department advised me that as the 
Department of the Navy desired to have exclusive 
control of the building of such vessels, it was " glad to 
have it do so," and withdrew its own desire that Massa- 
chusetts should proceed further in the enterprise. 
Almost simultaneously the Ordnance Bureau of the 
War Department replied to my inquhies, that it had 
" engaged to the full extent of then* capacity all the 
foundi'ies which are known to be prepared to cast 
suitable and reliable heavy cannon " " for arming the 
fortifications on the coasts," and that it was "not thought 
that any aid from the State Legislature is necessary to 
expedite the work." A renewed application to the 
Department for the detail of an ordnance officer in 
accordance with the Resolve of February l-lth, was 
now again refused ; and by this refusal that Resolve 
seemed to be practically annulled, for the result of 
the conflict between the Merrimack and Monitor had 



28 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

rendered the advertisement for proposals for any 
armament, unless of very large calibre, of at least 
doubtful expediency, and the want of a proper 
officer to frame the proposals and superintend the 
work rendered it impossible to execute the provisions 
of the Resolve. Nevertheless, the fact remained that 
our harbors were comparatively defenceless ; and yet 
so far as could be inferred from the letter of that 
Cabinet Minister who was the exponent of the foreign 
policy of the nation, there was need that they should 
be instantly armed, and by the States. But while the 
reports of the Engineer Bureau showed that it was of 
more importance to arm the land batteries which 
were ready to receive their cannon, than to throw up 
new works, those of the Ordnance Bureau further 
shoAved that all the foundries in the country which 
were capable of casting suitable ordnance, were 
engaged to the fidl extent of their capacity ; and the 
protest of the Navy Department had prevented the 
construction by us of floating batteries for harbor 
defence. It became evident, therefore, that the only 
mode for the State to supply its needs, would be by 
mducing established foundries to greatly enlarge their 
works, or new parties to build new foundiies ; for the 
proposition urged upon Congress for the establishment 
■of a great National Foundry had failed, from causes to 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 29 

which it is needless to allude. In pursuing inquii-ies 
in this dii'ection, it was believed that Professor 
Treadwell, and gentlemen with whom he was asso- 
ciated, could be induced to build immediately new 
and extensive works to make the ordnance which 
bears his name, provided that a contract could be 
entered into with the State, to an amount sufficient 
to justify the large investment of private capital which 
would be required. I at once submitted to an able 
commission, consisting of the Master of Ordnance, an 
officer of my personal staff, and two distinguished 
civil engineers, the question of the ascertained or 
probable merits of the Treadwell gun, especially 
with regard to the attack or defence of ii'on-clad 
batteries, and to its capacity to penetrate iron 
plates with solid shot, and also the question of the 
feasibility and advantages, or otherwise, of an attempt 
to supply in part by its manufacture, our deficiency of 
ordnance. Their report was unanimous in favor of 
the merits of the gun, and recommended that the 
State should enter mto a contract for one hundred 
rifled hundi-ed-pounders of that pattern, and make 
such an appropriation as would enable the construc- 
tion of a greater number, if their early success should 
render such an mcrease deskable. On his part 
Professor Treadwell, with responsible associates, was 



30 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

ready to engage to establish a foundry which should 
deliver ten of these hundi'ed guns within six months, 
and the remainder within eighteen months. The 
report of this committee, together mth all the commu- 
nications from the Bureaus of the War Department, 
and other documents illustrative of the subject and of 
the difficulties which hampered action under existing 
legislation, were laid by me before the Joint Committee 
of the General Court on Federal Relations. The 
committee, on April 24th, reported a Resolve free 
from the provisions which were impracticable of 
execution in that of February 14th. This Resolve 
was adopted by the House of Representatives without 
a division, and received its several readings in the 
Senate, where on its passage to be enacted, during 
the last night of the session, it was defeated by a 
single vote, the opposition to it proceeding in large 
part from senators representing seaboard counties ; a 
result exhibiting a sense of security from danger. 

Constantly mindful of the vast mterest involved in 
the whole subject of coast defences, I have continued 
correspondence with the appropriate bureaus of the 
Departments of War and the Navy ; and am prepared 
to exhibit to a committee of the General Court their 
latest conclusions, with the facts on which they rest, 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 31 

both as contained in unpublished documents and in 
private though official communications. 

Harbors and Flats. 

By a Resolve of the last General Court a commission 
was established upon the Harbors and Flats of the 
Commonwealth, with directions to report to the 
Legislature by the fifteenth day of the present month. 
I am advised that probably no report embracing any 
system for the care and preservation of the harbors, 
and the use and disposal of flats, belonging to 
the Commonwealth, can be made during the 
current session. But it is believed that durmg 
the approaching sprmg, the Commissioners will be 
enabled to receive opmions and information from the 
officers of the United States Coast Survey, resulting 
from their recent and exhaustive examinations, without 
which it would be unsafe to venture to mature any of 
the plans contemplated in the constitution of the 
commission. I take the liberty to urge again the 
views I had the honor to suggest in this place a year 
ago, in reference to the proprietary aujd commercial 
rights and interests of the Commonwealth, involved 
in the intelligent, scientific and systematic care and 
disposition of our principal harbors and their flats. 



32 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

Cared for by the State as a prudent owner would 
guard his own property, I believe the flats in Boston 
Harbor may be ultimately made the source of a vast 
fund in money, and of great benefits to the com- 
mercial prosperity of Massachusetts, and that shore 
owners holding Avater fronts now of little value, 
may, by uniting with the Commonwealth in a common 
purpose for the improvement of all, reap a common 
advantage, and the taxable wealth of the city and 
State derive a large addition. Harbors are, in a just 
sense, a property held in sacred trust for the commerce 
of all nations and to promote the civilization of man- 
kind. They ought to be protected by the Government 
with sleepless and jealous vigilance. 

The Trojj and Greenfield Railroad. 

The Act of the last General Court, (Acts of 1862, 
chapter 156,) " providing for the more speedy com- 
pletion of the Troy and Greenfield Railroad and 
Hoosac Tunnel," directed the appointment of " three 
able, impartial and skilfid Commissioners to investigate 
the subject of finishing the Troy and Greenfield Rail- 
road and of tunnelling the Hoosac Mountain, whose 
duty it shall be to report to the Governor and Council 
what, in their judgment, will be the most economical, 
practical and advantageous method of completing said 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 33 

tunnel and road, the estimated cost of fitting the same 
for use, the time within which the tunnel can be 
completed, and what contracts can be effected, and 
with what parties, for completing said tunnel and road, 
and the probable cost of the same, the probable 
pecuniary value of the road and tunnel when com- 
pleted, the sources and amount of traffic and income, 
and all other facts in their opinion useful to assist the 
Governor and Council in determining the best method 
of securing a continuous railroad communication 
between Troy and Greenfield." Certain other powers 
and duties were conferred on the Commissioners, in 
part preliminary, and in part subsequent, in their 
operation, to the rendering of theh report to the 
Governor and Council. Under this Act three gentle- 
men were appointed, each one of whom was carefully 
selected as being, in the words of the Act, at once 
" ahle^ impartial and skilful'' They entered forthwith 
upon the performance of their task and have pursued 
it constantly with the aid of engineers of the fhst 
distinction, one of whom has visited and explored all 
the great railway tunnels of Europe and collected all 
the knowledge attainable there tending to illustrate 
the questions of science and experience submitted by 
the law to the Commission. An elaborate report has 
been prepared by this gentleman and is in the hands 

5 



34" GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

of the Commissioners, under whose direction the 
drawings connected with it are being reduced for 
convenience in printing. A similar report from 
another engineer of large experience in construction 
of tunnels in this country, has also been prepared for 
the board. 

The report of the Commissioners to the Governor 
and Council is not yet made, but it is understood to be 
in rapid preparation. I am unable, therefore, to com- 
municate to the Legislature, at the begimimg of its 
present session, so fully as I had hoped, on the subject 
of this important and mteresting enterprise of estab- 
lishmg a new avenue for our trade with the West, 
piercing the Green Mountain range, and opening up 
to greater activity the economical resources of our 
Northern tier of towns. I trust that the conclusions 
and reasoning of the Commissioners, when published, 
will settle conflicting opinions in the muids of the 
people, and, if favorable to the active pursuit of the 
enterprise, that its prosecution will enjoy an unani- 
mous support. The work can be pursued relieved 
from all factitious embarrassments, and contracts can 
be made by those in the sole interest of the Common- 
wealth, superintended by citizens of the highest expe- 
rience and capacity. 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 35 

Banking and Currency. 

The report of the Bank Commissioners will exhibit 
the condition of our banking institutions. I repeat 
my former suggestions that radical changes in our 
financial system should be adopted with great caution. 

The Secretary of the Treasury in his recent able 
report on the financial affairs of the nation, recom- 
mends to Congress the creation of a national system of 
banking which, if carried out, may interfere with our 
own, and may deprive the Commonwealth of a large 
income now derived from the tax on banking capital. 
The Secretary's plan is to authorize free bankmg, to 
be based on a deposit of national bonds. This course, 
he suggests, will create a demand for government secu- 
rities ; will furnish a perfectly safe, convenient and 
uniform currency ; will check the ckculation of bills 
of unsafe banks ; and greatly tend to strengthen the 
Union of the States. It is believed by some that if this 
system should be authorized, many of our banks would 
fall into it, while others equally well informed believe 
that most of them would continue to act under their 
present charters. The Secretary proposes no coercive 
measures except a slight tax on the circulation of the 
old banks. While this tax might be injurious to the 
country institutions which derive a large profit from 
then' circulation, its effect on those in the large 



36 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

cities would be light, for there the circulation is 
unimportant. 

Moneyed corporations are naturally cautious in their 
movements, and are inclmed to hesitate and deliberate 
much before adopting new methods. But whatever 
may be the operation of the Secretary's system on the 
New England banks, there can be no doubt of its great 
usefuhiess to the West, where an abundant and safe 
currency has never existed, and thus indirectly the 
whole country will derive a benefit proportional to the 
advantages of a national currency, simple, uniform and 
of unquestionable value. Should Congress adopt the 
system proposed, securing to the United States some 
part of the profit derivable from the issue of paper 
money, while it Avould probably compel Massachusetts 
to abandon the revenue received from its tax on the 
banking capital of the Commonwealth, it would at the 
same time relieve the people from their liability to other 
taxation for the support of the National Government 
and the payment of its debts, to an extent equivalent 
to the revenue realized to the Treasury of the United 
States from that source. And should the measure be 
adopted, it is questioned even by some of its supporters 
whether the prosperity of our country banks would, 
after all, be permanently injured. But, much as I 
should regret to see any proper investment in the 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 3T 

Commonwealth rendered unproductive by legislation, 
that regret would be tempered by the consideration 
that the same capital would never need to be mactive, 
whenever and wheresoever safe busmess should present 
itself to the enterprise of industry and skill, while 
whenever or wherever such business opportunities do 
not present themselves, the loans of banks are of 
necessity less profitable and secure. Nor can it be 
doubtful that the substantial pecuniary advantage of 
New England busmess interests demands the nation- 
ahzation of the currency, so that the paper represen- 
tative of a dollar shall be alike valuable in Boston and 
in Chicago, and the indebtedness of the West to the 
East find at all times a medium of adjustment, and the 
trade between the two sections of the Northern States 
flow unimpeded by oppressive and ruinous rates of 
exchange. 

Pleuro-Pneumonia. 

Under the Act of February, 1862, three Commis- 
sioners were appointed on contagious diseases of cattle 
— one a veterinary surgeon, one a doctor of medicine^ 
and the third a member of the Executive Council, all 
being of some agricultural experience. They were 
immediately called by the Selectmen of Milton to 
investigate cases of disease among neat cattle which 



38 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

had broken out there and was creating alarm. The 
animals were carefully examined and found to be 
infected by Pleuro-Pneumonia. The Commissioners 
ordered the entire isolation of all herds of cattle 
in the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth and 
Worcester, which could, by any possibility, have come 
into contact with any of the infected animals. One 
hundred and fifty-four animals have died or have been 
killed by order of the Commissioners, of which number 
seventy-seven, or just one-half, were found diseased, 
and in every case but one, contact has been proved. 

The Commissioners are satisfied that the disease is 
never generated from local causes ; that it is altogether 
an imported disease ; that it is generally communicated 
by contact of breath ; that it cannot be eradicated by 
treatment ; that those cattle which have apparently 
recovered are really the most to be feared, from the 
danger of relapse ; and that, by care, the disease may 
be prevented from extending from one herd to 
another. The expenses of the Commission, as nearly 
as can now be estimated, are about $5,700. The 
appropriation bemg but $5,000, there will^De a defici- 
ency to be supplied by legislation. The disease is 
apparently extmgished, and has now no visible foot- 
hold in the Commonwealth. The ease and celerity of 
its eradication by prompt treatment on its re-appearance 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 39 

last year, removes all apprehension that it may here- 
after become unmanageable, unless precautionary 
measures, when needed, shall be too long delayed. 

Farming. 

The cultivated crops of the farm, the last year, were 
usually quite up to the average production, while 
fruits of nearly every description were more than ever 
abundant. 

The increasing attention paid to sheep husbandry 
promises to lead to important and satisfactory re- 
sults. It is for the interest of the several towns 
to encourage the keeping of sheep by a more rigid 
enforcement of the law enacted for their protection. 
By the returns from two hundred and ninety-seven 
towns it appears that the number of dogs licensed 
in those towns in 1862 was twenty thousand 
nine hundred and fifty-two, for which the amount 
paid was $22,630.20. The estimated number 
in those to^vns unlicensed, was twelve thousand 
five hundred and thirteen. I recommend the adop- 
tion of adequate penalties to enforce the law. 
Apart from the mere question of cheap production 
of wool, the experience of the most advanced agricul- 
tural nations, like England, Germany and France, 
goes to show that sheep are a necessity of a good 



40 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

general system of husbandry, on even the highest- 
priced lands, and amid the densest population. Yet 
the number of sheep has for many years constantly 
decreased in this Commonwealth, until within the last 
two years. Thus in 1840 there were three hundred 
seventy-eight thousand two hundred twenty-six, by the 
census of the United States ; while in 1860 they had 
diminished to one hundred and fourteen thousand 
eight hundred twenty-nine, and the production of wool 
from one million sixteen thousand two hundred thirty 
pounds in 1845, to three hundred seventy-three thou- 
sand seven hundred eighty-nine pounds in 1860, 
although meanwhile, the number of neat cattle and 
horses had largely increased, so that the gross value 
of live stock, which in 1850 was |9,647,700, had, 
in 1860, become |1 2,73 7,444, notwithstanding the 
constantly growing claims of manufactures and the 
mechanic arts upon the industry of our people. 

The Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture 
spent several months of the summer and autumn in 
Europe, where he had unusual facilities for the study 
and observation of the agriculture of the old world. 
Some account of his observations will be presented 
in his Report to the Legislature. 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 41 

Public Schools. 

Of all our public institutions, those devoted to 
popular education are the source of the most unmin- 
gled satisfaction and pride. It swells one's heart to 
feel that, in the midst of a war, in which for very 
national existence this people is contending on land 
and sea, the humblest child in Massachusetts may 
daily find an open door and an outstretched hand of 
welcome to all the uses and the delights of learning. 
The rebellion itself would have been impossible had a 
system of Free Schools pervaded the Union ; for they 
would have lifted the people of the rebel States above 
the chance of those delusions, fed by ambitious, 
jealous, and despotic men, to whose wiles popular 
ignorance left them victims. 

The average attendance of the teachers of Massa- 
chusetts at their Institutes, is reported to be larger by 
twenty during the last twelve months than in any 
former one of the seventeen years they have been 
held. The interest exhibited by the people in educa- 
tional meetings has never been greater. The number 
of students in our Normal Schools and Colleges 
is believed to be diminished only by enlistments 
in the Army of the Union. And there they have 
lavished a contribution of devoted patriotism, not 
merely on field and line, but on rank and file, illumined 



42 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

by intellect, and graced by culture.*' Our Common 
Schools are the distributors of those gifts of learning, 
of which the higher institutions of literature and 
science are the reservoirs. Every mtelligent laborer 
helps to weave, with cunning hand, into the warp and 
woof of all the wealth and uses of mankind the sub- 
limest thought and the marvellous divinations of 
thinkers, discoverers and inventors. For happiness, 
for honor, for wealth and strength, as well as for 
duty, let us invest a generous portion of the inheri- 
tance in the undecaying riches of the intellect. 

The policy of emancipation is the discovery of a 
new world. It will open fields of effort for every 
variety of gift. The untutored labor, the wasteful 
husbandry, the unskilful mechanism, the mines 
unwrought, the waterfalls untamed, and all their 
boundless possibilities of development, invite your 

* The alumni and undergraduates of our colleges occupy every rank 
in the service, from those of General and Admiral, through every grade, 
including Surgeons and Chaplains, down to that of privates in the ranks 
and seamen before the mast. 

Harvard College has sent into the field four hundred and thirty of her 
sons, more than seventeen per cent, of the whole number of her living 
alumni ; Amherst, of her undergraduates and graduates of the last five 
years, has sent one hundred and fifty-nine, how many of earlier classes 
cannot now be ascertained; and Williams College, as nearly as can be 
learned, has given one hundred and eleven of her graduates and under- 
graduates to the army of the United States. 

Thirty undergraduates of the Normal Schools are also in the service of 
the Union. 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 43 

sons. A task is before them they cannot abandon, a 
destiny they cannot avert, a power no poKcy can 
dwarf, an achievement such as no history has ever 
written. Let narrow partisans contrive a Union from 
which New England is rejected, if they will ; — the Free 
Schools of New England will span the moat and scale 
the w^all. And whenever in peace or war, in arts or 
arms, is sought the help of men in whose hearts cour- 
age is made strong by faith, whose thinking, scheming 
and fruitful brains are guides to untu'ing hands 
instructed in every art of ingenious civilization, — 
the graduates of your nurseries of learning will 
answer to the call, freer and stronger than the wind 
that floats your flag, in that mysterious power, of 
which Minerva, leaping full armed from the brain 
of Jove, is the type to the reason of philosophers, as 
well as to the dream of poets. 

School of Agriculture and the Ai'ts. — University 
System. 

At the last session of Congress an Act was 
passed (chapter 130 of Acts of the 37th Congress, 1st 
session,) granting to each of the several States a por- 
tion of the public domain " to the endowment, 
support and maintenance of at least one College, 
where the leading object shall be, without excluding 



44 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

other scientific and classical studies, and including 
military tactics, to teach such branches of learning 
as are related to agriculture and the mechanic 
arts in such manner as the Legislatures of the 
States may respectively prescribe, m order to pro- 
mote the liberal and practical education of the 
industrial classes in the several pursuits and pro- 
fessions in life." The apportionment to each State 
is " in quantity equal to 30,000 acres of land for 
each senator and representative in Congress to 
which the States are respectively entitled by the 
apportionment under the census of 1860." 

The Act provides that the land, aforesaid, after 
being surveyed, shall be apportioned to the several 
States in sections or subdivisions of sections, not less 
than one quarter of a section ; and whenever there 
are public lands in a State subject to sale at private 
entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, 
the quantity to which said State shall be entitled 
shall be selected from such lands within the limits 
of such State ; and the Secretary of the Interior 
is du'ected to issue to each of the States in 
which there is not the quantity of public lands 
subject to sale at private entry at one dollar and 
twenty-five cents per acre, to which said State may 
be entitled under the provisions of the Act, land 



1868.] SENATE— No. 1. 45 

scrip to the amount in acres for the deficiency of its 
distributive share ; said scrip to be sold by said State 
and the proceeds thereof apphed to the uses and 
purposes prescribed in the Act, and for no other 
uses and purposes whatsoever ; and it further provides 
that in no case shall any State to which land scrip 
may be thus issued, be allowed to locate the same 
within the limits of any other State, or of any ter- 
ritory of the United States, but its assignees may 
locate said land scrip upon any of the unappro- 
priated lands of the United States subject to sale 
at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents 
per acre. 

By the provisions of the Act, it is made incum- 
bent upon every State which desires to avail itself of 
its benefits, to express its acceptance of the con- 
ditions prescribed, within two years from the date 
of its passage ; that is, prior to July 2, 1864. 
And it is also required that any State which may 
claim and take the benefit of the provisions of the 
Act shall establish at least one CoUege within five 
years, " where the leading object shall be to teach 
such branches of learning as are related to agriculture 
and the mechanic arts." But " no portion of said 
fund, nor the interest thereon, shall be applied, di- 
rectly or indirectly, under any pretence whatever, to 



46 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

the purchase, erection, preservation or repair of any 
buildmg or buildings." 

The last will and testament of the late Benja- 
min Bussey devises a large property and estate In 
trust to the President and Fellows of Harvard College, 
" as a permanent, pubhc, corporate body, especially 
charged with the care and superintendence of the 
higher branches of education." It dkects his home- 
stead estate called "Woodland Hill," in Eoxbury, 
consisting of over two hundred acres of land, to be 
retained by the trustees, and, " that they will establish 
there a course of instruction in practical agriculture, 
in useful and ornamental gardening, in botany, and 
in such other branches of natural science as may 
tend to promote a knowledge of practical agriculture, 
and the various arts subservient thereto, and con- 
nected therewith, and cause such courses of lectures 
to be delivered there, at such seasons of the year, 
and under such regulations as they may think best 
adapted to promote the ends designed ; and also to 
furnish gratuitous aid if they shall thmk it expedient, 
to such meritorious persons as may resort there for 
instruction :" the institution so established to be called 
the " Bussey Institution." 

The will appropriates one-half of the net income 
of the whole trust property other than Woodland 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 47 

Hill, " to the support of said institution, and of 
such branches of instruction in the physical sciences, 
there or at Harvard College, as are subservient 
thereto, and connected with the great objects of 
said institution." 

Agricultural societies, professorships, and instruc- 
tion m the schools of Europe, originated about one 
hundred years ago ; but the first attempt to actuahze 
the conception of scientific agriculture practically 
taught and illustrated m educational mstitutions, was 
made, in Germany, at the beginning of the present 
century by Thaer, a Doctor of Medicine, m his native 
town of Zell, in Hanover. His school was broken 
up by the French invasion in 1803. But in 1806, 
under the patronage of the King of Prussia, he 
founded an Agricultural School, vntli a model farm 
of four hundred acres, about twenty miles from Berlin, 
where he remained until his death in 1828. In 
his treatise on the principles of Agriculture (in 
1809), he urges the necessity of a knowledge of 
botany, zoology and chemistry, and other sciences, in 
order to a complete comprehension and cultivation of 
practical farming ; and concludes that " it is then 
evident that Agriculture ought to borrow from every 
science the priticiples which she employs as the foundation 
of her own."" 



48 GOYERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

Pestalozzi originated in Switzerland contemporane- 
ously with the labors of Thaer in Germany, his indus- 
trial or manual labor schools, near Berne. 

Twenty-two years have elapsed since Liebig, com- 
bining the results of his own original researches and 
investigations vidth the published knowledge of his 
time, printed his work upon " Chemistry in relation to 
Agriculture and Physiology" which, immediately as- 
suming a place in universal scientific hterature, was 
soon read in all languages and excited a new spirit of 
inquiry and experiment among agriculturists and 
chemists in Europe and in America. The impulse 
given to agricultural education by the revelations of this 
master of science, was immediate. And there are now 
colleges, high schools, elementary agricultural schools 
for the peasantry, all over Eiu'ope, from Ireland to 
Russia, and a large number of professorships of 
agriculture in different universities. 

Many States of the American Union, have abeady 
set on foot measures for the promotion of agricultural 
schools and colleges. Michigan provided for such a 
college in her State Constitution. One has been 
established in each of the States of New York, Iowa 
and Minnesota. But neither of these is now open. 
An Agricultural College has been established in 
Maryland, and is in operation. An embryo institu- 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 49 

tion, under private enterprise, exists in Illinois : so 
also does another, in the State of Ohio. The course of 
instruction in the three last alluded to, does not essen- 
tially depart from that usual in ordinary colleges. 
The Agricultural College of Pennsylvania is the 
largest and most prosperous of this class of institutions 
of whose existence in this country I have any knowl- 
edge. Its course of study involves a period of four 
years, and includes mathematics, natural philosophy, 
chemistry, botany, geology, paleontology, mmeralogy 
chrystallography, and practical agriculture and horti- 
culture. A " partial scientific and practical course" is 
established for the benefit of those students desiring: 
to pursue the other studies of the full course, omitting 
the higher mathematics. 

Evidence of the intelligent interest of our own Com- 
monwealth in this dhection is found in the Resolves 
of 1850, the reports of the commissioners the next 
year, (embodying that of Professor Hitchcock which 
is to be hereafter alluded to,) and the establish- 
ment of the State Board of Agriculture. It is also 
exhibited in the charter of the Massachusetts Institute 
of Technology, incorporated the 10th of April, 1861, 
" for the purpose of mstituting and maintaming a 
society of arts, a museum of arts, and a school of 
industrial science, and aiding generally, by suitable 

7 



50 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

means, the advancement, development and practical 
application of science, in connection with arts, 
agriculture, manufactures and commerce." 

The conjunction of these dedications of public 
funds and private charity to scientific and practical 
education seems fortunate and auspicious. The main 
design of both is the same. There are suggestions 
in each which afford significant hmts for our instruc- 
tion. Combining all the opportunities they propose, 
an enterprise becomes possible in Massachusetts, 
grander than either. 

This Congressional grant is exposed to the danger 
of being divided in each State among several unim- 
portant seminaries, instead of being concentrated on 
one institution of commanding mfluence and efficiency. 
An institution requhing " military tactics " and " such 
branches of learnmg as are related to agriculture and 
the mechanic arts," to be taught " without excluding 
other scientific and classical studies," must of necessity, 
to be worthy of Massachusetts, involve large expendi- 
tures, and demand an assemblage of men of the highest 
talents as teachers. For although agriculture was the 
first art invented, it must be the last to be brought to 
perfection, since it requhes contributions from every 
branch of natural science, and aid from every other art. 
We shall not use the grant of Congress msely, if we 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 51 

make of it simply a means of giving farmers' sons such 
an education as they could obtain by living on a well- 
managed farm and attending an ordinary high school. 
It must be made the means of a positive increase of 
human knowledge m the departments bearing on 
agriculture and manufactures, and the medium of 
teachmg not only farmers, but those who shall become 
teachers and improvers of the art of farming. 

Such an institution should have ample lands for 
experimental purposes, and even on a moderate scale 
of completeness should embrace the following distmct 
professorships : 

1. Mathematics pure, and applied to Surveying, 
Levelling, &c. 

2. Drawing and Design. 

3. General Physics and Meteorology. 

4. Mechanics and Engineermg, especially as 
applied to agricultural machinery and processes, to 
rural architecture, road making, &c. 

5. General and Agricultural Chemistry. 

6. Chemical Analysis, especially as applied to 
soils, manures and products. 

7. Botany and Vegetable Physiology. 

8. Zoology and Animal Physiology, including 
breeding of animals, their diseases and treatment. 

9. Geology and Mineralogy. 



52 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

10. Practical Husbandry, with superintendence of 
model farms. 

In many of these departments one or more assist- 
ants, or sub-professors, would be necessary, and the 
whole corps of instructors could hardly fall short 
of twenty. 

The " Central School of Arts and Manufactures " in 
France, counts forty professors and teachers. " The 
Conservatory of Arts and Trades " has a number not 
inferior, and has also three subordinate, or auxiliary, 
colleges in the Provinces. The " Polytechnic School 
of Viemia " has fifty-eight instructors. 

The excellent and elaborate report of Professor 
Hitchcock, printed m 1851 with our legislative doc- 
uments of that year [House Doc, No. 13,] comprising 
the results of his learned researches and survey of 
the agricultural mstitutions of Europe, assigns six 
professors, as " the smallest number of professors 
with which an institution could be respectable and 
useful, even at its commencement. The number is 
much less than it is at nearly all the higher 
agricultural seminaries in Europe. There it ranges 
from eight to twenty." The following pregnant sug- 
gestion, looking forward to an institution of wise and 
hberal breadth and of true public economy, like that 
which the language of our xAct of Congress indicates, 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 53 

illustrates the comprehensiveness as well as the 
carefulness in observation, of this report : " By the 
addition of a single professorship of technology to 
such an mstitution as has been described, and 
extendino: the collection of instruments to those of 
every art, this school might become a school of 
sciences, as vj^ell as of commerce and manufactures, 
and thus afford an education to the son of the 
mechanic and merchant, as well as the farmer." 

The time of each of these professors need not be 
exclusively devoted to the school, but a thorough 
exhibition of the sciences m their relations to 
mechanics and agriculture is impossible without the 
aid of men of the highest talents, each giA^ng himself 
specially to one of the departments of science ; 
besides the aid of men of high acqukements taking 
charge of the practical departments enumerated. 

Such men, masters in these departments, are rare, 
or, if found, are already bound by various obligations 
to other objects or other institutions. If our Common- 
wealth is to retain, her wonted place m noble works, 
we must seize, at the earhest opportunity, upon as 
many men of this character as may be found m the 
country, and at once organize oiu' mstitution, to be a 
model for other States that may avail themselves of 
the grant from Congress. Not only a laudable State 



'^ 



51 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

pride demands this, but the highest considerations of 
patriotism and philanthropy demand it. 

The Act of Congress does not make provision 
sufficient for an Agricultural School of the highest 
class in each State. Nor would it be possible now to 
find, disconnected from our colleges and universities, 
as many men of high talent, and otherwise competent, 
as would be required to fill the chahs of one such 
school. But Massachusetts already has, in the projected 
Bussey Institution, an agricultural school, founded, 
though not yet m operation, with a large endowment, 
connected also with Harvard College and the Lawrence 
Scientific School. She can therefore, by securing the 
grant from Congress, combining with the Institute of 
Technology and the Zoological Museum, and working 
in harmony with the college, secure also for the agri- 
cultural student for whom she thus provides, not only 
the benefits of the national appropriation, but of the 
Bussey Institution and the means and instrumen- 
talities of the Institute of Technology, as well as 
those accumulated at Cambridge. The benefits to our 
State, and to our country, and to mankind, which can 
be obtained by this co-operation, are of the highest 
character, and can be obtained m no other way. The 
details of the connection of the Bussey Institution 
with the Scientific School and the College, are not yet 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 65 

fully wrought out ; but I apprehend that little diffi- 
culty would be found in connecting it also with the 
grant from Congress, if the gentlemen who may be 
intrusted by the State with the work, will approach it 
with the perception of the absolute necessity for 
husbanding our materials, both men and money, and 
concentratmg all our efforts upon making an institu- 
tion worthy of our age and of our people. Its summit 
must reach the highest level of modern science, and 
its heads must be those whom men will recognize 
as capable of plamiing a great work, and of working 
out a great plan. 

The fifth chapter of the Constitution of Massachu- 
setts, celebrates the wisdom of our ancestors, who 
" so early as the year 1636, laid the foundation of 
Harvard College, in which University many persons 
of great eminence have, by the blessing of God, been 
initiated in those Arts arid Sciences which qualify 
them for public employments both in Cliurch and 
State," reciting that " the encouragement of arts and 
sciences, and all good literature, tends to the honor 
of God, the advantage of the Christian religion, and 
the great benefit of this, and the other United States 
of America." And it declares that it " shall be the 
duty of Legislatures and Magistrates, in all future 
periods of this Commonwealth, to cherish the inter- 



66 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

ests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries 
of them ; especially the University at Cambridge, 
public schools, and grammar schools in the towns ; 
to encourage private societies, and public institutions, 
rewards and immunities for the promotion of agricul- 
ture, arts, sciences, commerce, trades, manufactures 
and a natural history of the country." 

I venture the opinion that the advantages presented 
by the various institutions which now cluster around 
the college, may be so combined with other institu- 
tions as to realize more fully in actual experiment 
the true idea of a University. I camiot doubt 
that the people of the Commonwealth have a right 
to those benefits ; the prevention of all the waste 
of means, the weakening of resources, the repeti- 
tions of professorships, libraries, apparatus and other 
material, consequent on scattering instead of con- 
centration. Model farms, and experimental culture in 
all the varieties of soil our lands present, as the wise 
and expert may hereafter advise, and also branches 
or subordinate schools, are not to be discouraged. 
Neither are the schools and colleges for academic 
study already provided or contemplated, nor any gifts 
or grants thereto, to be less ftivored in the future. 
Nor does unity of plan and co-operation ui method, of 
necessity imply confinement of all the departments of 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 57 

an institution to one place. The object should be to 
centralize and economise means and power, while 
distributing and popularizing education and its fruits. 
But, in order to fulfil the highest functions of a 
University adapted to the wants and development of 
modern society, to an intellectual and free people, its 
professorships, libraries and apparatus should be so 
combined and distributed as to include the faculties 
of Divinity, of Law, of Medicine, of Military instruc- 
tion, of Letters and Natural Science, all of them 
organized and represented in theii* highest perfection. 
The faculty of Divinity should have, as its basis, a 
strong corps of scholars versed in Hebrew literature 
and history, in ecclesiastic history, and in dogmatic 
theology, admitting as professors members of every 
church competent to teach. The teaching of the law 
school should include the civil law, comparative juris- 
prudence, political economy and diplomacy. The 
faculty of letters should combine the deepest scholars 
in ancient literature, including Sanscrit, and the other 
Oriental languages, as well as Greek and Latin ; and in 
the antiquities proper, history in all its ramifications, 
the modern languages and their literature, philosophy 
in all its branches with its history. For the faculties of 
medicine and of natural sciences, should be combined 
mathematicians, astronomers, physicists, chemists, 






58 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

mineralogists, botanists, zoologists, geologists, devot- 
ing themselves chiefly to the scientific pursuit of their 
study ; and also men distmguished for theu' eminence 
in the application of the sciences to the useful arts, 
civil engineers, architects, mining engineers, military 
engineers, and agriculturists. 

That we should continue to build on the foundation 
our fathers laid, endeavoring to make actual in the 
life of our society their ideal, I religiously believe. 
Let us plan to concentrate here the " gladsome 
light" of universal science. Let learning be illus- 
trated by her most brilliant luminaries, and let the 
claims of every science be vindicated by its bravest 
champion. Two-thirds of an amount equal to the 
sum we annually, and wisely, expend in public and 
private instruction, would found professorships and 
furnish the fund which would give to Massachusetts 
a University worthy the dream of the fathers, the 
history of the State, and the capacity of her people. 

The territory of Massachusetts comprises you know 
an area of 7,800 square miles, with a population in 
1860 of 1,231,065, or 157tVo to the square mile. 
Massachusetts is the tenth m area of the old thii'teen 
States. Of the thu'ty-three States considered in the 
census of 1860, she is in area the thirtieth. But 
notwithstanding the immense emigration from East 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 59 

to West, Massachusetts, which in 1790 was the 
fourth State in population, was still the seventh in 
1860, her population being by the square mile the 
densest, and in absolute increase by the square mile 
the largest. The value of her products by the census 
of that year was $283,000,000, or $229.88 for each 
person m the Commonwealth, not including the 
product of navigation. By our last year returns, the 
capital invested in her one hundred and eighty-three 
banking companies was $67,544,200 ; the deposits in 
her ninety-three institutions for savings amounted to 
$50,403,674.23, and were made by 248,700 depositors. 
The tonnage of vessels entered and cleared at her 
ports the last year was 1,691,336 tons, and the total 
of her foreign imports and exports was $61,972,580. 
The capital mvested by Massachusetts in her railways 
whose motive power is steam, excluding many mil- 
lions of her capital thus invested in other States, is 
$63,272,801.71. The aggregate length of these 
roads is one thousand five hundred and thirty-one 
miles : of which three hundred and forty-three miles 
are laid with double track. Their total income for 
the year 1861, was $9,016,149.12. They divided 
^lio per cent, to their stockholders ; leaving on 
hand an aggregate surplus of $3,562,290.48. The 
product of the capital and industry devoted to six 



60 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

branches of manufactures, namely, of agricultural 
implements, sawed and planed lumber, cotton and 
woollen goods, leatlier, and boots and shoes, which in 
1850 amounted to |66,323,242, in 1860 reached 
1116,499,391 ; and the farms of Massachusetts, appre- 
ciated by the demand for agricultural products created 
to supply her army of artisans, rose in value during the 
same ten years from 1^109,076,347 to $122,645,221. 

Side by side with this economical prosperity stands 
the diminution of pauperism and crime. The number 
of persons supported in the State Almshouses and 
Rainsford Island Hospital was less in 1862 than it was 
in any but one of the last five years, and was seven- 
teen and one-half per cent, less than the number m 
1861. The expense of these institutions was less in 
1862 than in any year but one smce they were 
opened (in 1854,) being $122,783.53, which is $12,- 
220.86 less than then expense in 1861. The whole 
number of persons committed to our Jails and Houses 
of Correction m 1858 was fourteen thousand five 
hundred ninety-nme ; the number in 1862 was but nine 
thousand seven hmidred and five. The expense of 
the Jails and Houses of Correction in 1858 was $222,- 
721.77 ; but m 1862, it had fallen to $182,006.63. 

The entire value of the real and personal property 
of the State m 1860, as shown by the Report of 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 61 

the Valuation Committee of the Legislature, was 
$897,795,326 ; and the profits of her industry, as 
shown by the products of the yeai*, were thhty-three 
per cent, upon her valuation. She printed books to 
the value of $397,500 ; her periodical literature and 
newspapers numbered two hundred and twenty-two 
different publications, disseminating more than one 
hmidred million copies of then* several issues. By 
the last returns we had four thousand six hundred 
and five public schools, attended in the winter of 
1862, by two hundred and twenty-seven thousand 
three hundi*ed and nineteen scholars, with a mean 
average attendance, during the school year, of one 
hundred and seventy-eight thousand eight hundred 
and nmety-two, taught by seven thousand two hundred 
and fifty-five instructors, on which schools were expend- 
ed, exclusive of the expense of repairing and erecting 
school-houses, and the interest on money invested in 
such property, and of the cost of school books, nearly 
$1,613,000. When we add to this statement one 
hundred and eight high schools in which Latin and 
Greek are taught, sixty-three incorjDorated academies, 
with thirty-five hundred scholars, paying $85,000 
tuition, and six hundred and thu'ty-eight private 
schools, paymg $350,000 tuition ; when we consider 
the expense of buildings, apparatus, libraries, school 



62 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

books, prizes, Teachers' Institutes and the like, not 
contained in those computations, we shall probably 
find an annual sum devoted to the education of 
the children of the people of the Commonwealth, 
besides the expenses of our colleges and schools 
of medicine, law and theology, amounting to more 
than three millions of dollars. It is estimated by the 
Board of Education that the sum annually expended 
to promote popular education in Massachusetts, 
including the annual expenditure for school-houses 
and the interest of money invested in them at their 
present cash valuation, the cost of school books in 
public and private schools, the expense of Normal 
Schools, Teachers' Institutes and Associations, the 
Board . of Education, printing, and State scholarships, 
but not including the cost of instruction in col- 
leges, professional schools and Reformatory Institu- 
tions, amounts to more than thirteen dollars to 
every person in the State between five and fifteen years 
of age, and more than two dollars and a half to 
each person of the entire population of the Common- 
wealth. Our public libraries in 1860 were 1,462. 
Their volumes numbered 604,015. The value of 
our churches m 1860 was computed to be ten and 
a quarter millions of dollars, and their pulpits are 
occupied by about two thousand preachers of the 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 63 

Gospel. Besides the instructions of our pulpits, 
and schools, and books, and periodicals, we have 
the benefit of countless lyceums and lectures, 
and of constant importations from every other State, 
and from every country whfere literature and printing 
are known. 

Is Massachusetts unable, then, in view of her 
material resources, and the quality of her people, to 
adjust a plan contemplating the ultimate consecration 
to the purpose I have indicated, of a fund — to be 
secured by taxation, by donation, by the testamentary 
bequests of her citizens — adequate to the work'? 
Regard, a moment, your positive wealth. Consult its 
wonderful growth. Remember that you owe all of it 
to cultivated, instructed, iritelligerit industry. You have 
conquered, by fhst understanding, nature. You have 
studied her mysteries, guessed her secrets, and thus 
unlocked her treasures. And doubt not that in the 
wonderful future about to dawn upon our country, the 
part you are to enact of beneficence and glory, under 
the inspiration of your generous culture and expanding 
thought, will transcend all the former achievements of 
your mdustry, and will outshuie the lustre of your 
arms. 

I commend to the legislators and people of Massa- 
chusetts these considerations and opmions, which have 



64 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

earnestly impressed my own mind and are the results 
of patient study and reflection. They are inspked by 
the idea of realizmg the highest culture, secui'mg the 
amplest means and material, and husbanding them in 
the surest way to the good of all the people, and for 
the renown and influence among the States of the 
Union, of this venerable Commonwealth. Let no 
friend of any local institution, actual or proposed, 
avert his eyes. When we shall have obtained one 
central school, or a combination of schools inter- 
changeably working each with and for the others, 
devoted to the grandest development of knowledge 
for agricultural, mechanical and military uses, and to 
the enlargement of the domain of science and art, 
to the discovery and encouragement of their true 
prophets and teachers, and to the widest diffusion of 
all their influences, then you will find the local semi- 
naries springing up and distributing the results, — just 
as our town and district schools to-day disseminate 
the elementary lessons of science of which every boy 
and girl would be left m ignorance, were it not for the 
higher institutions, the original thmkers and the life- 
long students. 

I respectfully recommend that the Legislature take 
measures at its present session to secure to the Com- 
monwealth the benefits of the grant from Congress, 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 65 

and that the funds of the Bussey Institution may not 
be allowed to slumber as they now do, but be ren- 
dered available for the use of the present generation, 
by purchasing, if possible for a reasonable price, the 
life estate which now encumbers Woodland Hill, 
and causing the funds to be rendered as productive as 
possible, with a single view to the objects contemplated 
by the donor. 

The Boston Society of Natural History^ and the Institute 
of Technology. 

I have pleasure in calling your attention to the 
earnestness with which the Boston Society of Natural 
History, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- 
ogy, have persevered m their respective plans. 

The former of these societies, strengthened in its 
resources by the liberality already so largely exercised 
in behalf of the public needs, has nearly completed a 
stately and commodious building on the land assigned 
to it by the Legislature, and will be in condition to 
remove its collections and transfer its operations to 
the new edifice in the course of the coming spring. 

The Institute of Technology, though not yet pos- 
sessed of a sufficient fund available for building 
purposes, is making progress in that dhection with 
prospect of a large measure of success. Should 



66 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

it fail, during the winter, to make up the entire 
amount required by the act of the Legislature, it may, 
I thmk, reasonably plead the peculiar circumstances 
of the times, and the great practical importance of its 
objects, as a ground for your further indulgence. 
It has, meanwhile, begun its operations as a Society of 
Arts, where communications and reports are made and 
discussions held on industrial subjects, and where 
important inventions, models and specimens are 
exhibited, explained and criticised. It is preparing, 
also, to make a beginning in some branches of the 
School of Industrial Science and in the collection of 
machinery, materials, products, and other objects 
suitable for its intended Museum. In these several 
modes of activity it aims to contribute to the cause 
of practical improvement, even at the commencement 
and while it is awaiting the accumulated means 
necessary for the erection of the School of Industrial 
Science and the Museum of Practical Arts proposed 
to be established on the land assigned to the Institute 
for this purpose on the Back Bay. 

Two Years Amendment. 

I have the honor to invite the favorable action of the 
Legislature upon the Resolve adopted by the last, and 
constitutionally referred to the present. General Court, 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 67 

" providing for an amendment to the Constitution 
relative to the qualification of voters," proposing the 
repeal of the twenty-third article of amendment 
which precludes adopted or naturalized citizens from 
v.oting and from eligibility to office, for two years 
subsequent to naturalization. I have no doubt that 
the people of the Commonwealth will cheerfully 
consummate the purpose of the Resolve so soon as 
you shall present it to their decision. 

Public Institutions — Their Returms. 

It has been the aim of the Governor and Council 
to visit all the penal and charitable institutions of the 
State, and of the respective counties. This would 
have been fully accomplished had other commanding 
cares permitted it. Nearly all, however, have been 
visited during the year. And it is a grateful task to 
bear mtness to the prevailing spirit of intelligent 
humanity with which they are conducted. I would 
respectfully urge a careful study of thek* Reports. 
The reduction of pauperism and crime is the sure 
consequence of increasing knowledge and thrift in 
any community. And the education into industry, 
good habits and intelligence of those unfortunately 
predisposed by early neglect, by actual lapse or 
inherited tendency, helps to counteract the fatal 



1 



68 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 



,• 



proclivity. I would, therefore, while there is so much 
to commend in these institutions, that some method 
were devised by which through exact statistical returns 
it should be possible to compare them each with all the 
others, to compare the business and experience of ouq 
year with another, to watch the symptoms of social 
disorder and disease in the body of the State, and to 
study the cure. But, after having earnestly endeav- 
ored to institute some such comparison, I have been 
compelled to abandon the task. The returns are in- 
complete, dissimilar in their arrangement, not ordered 
by a system common to them all ; and, therefore, 
though separately interesting and instructive, are 
unadapted to the grand purpose of generalization. 
Partial efforts were made by the Legislature last 
year m the true direction. But they were partial 
only. Such a system as an able committee could 
devise, comprehending all our educational, reforma- 
tory, sanitary, penal, industrial and monetary insti- 
tutions, explained by specific interrogatories and 
prepared forms of returns, would be universally 
recognized as a guide hereafter to practical legisla- 
tion, as well as to philosophical mquiry. 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 69- 

Hospital for Inebriates. 
I most respectfully, but urgently advise that the 
Legislature initiate measures to establish an asylum 
for the treatment of Inebriates. Drunkenness is a 
disease as well as a sin. We have long since 
legislated for its punishment ; let us no longer delay 
to legislate for its cure. By every motive of humanity 
and reason, by every law of duty, it challenges our 
consideration. I am led to believe that it is in our 
power so to economize the room in our sanitary 
and pauper institutions as to enable experiments 
to be made with one hundred and fifty patients, 
without any material increase of public expenditure. 

Our Heroic Dead. 

There is a history in almost every home of Massa- 
chusetts, which will never be written. But the 
memory of kindred has it embalmed forever. The 
representatives of the pride and hope of uncounted 
households, departing, will return no more. The 
shaft of the archer, attracted by the shining mark, 
numbers them among his fallen. In the battles of 
Big Bethel, of Bull Run, of Ball's Bluff, of Roanoke 
Island, of Newborn, of Winchester, of Yorktown, of 
Williamsb,urg, of West Point, of Fair Oaks, the 
battles before Richmond from MechanicsviUe to 



70 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

Malvern Hill, of James's Island, of Baton Kouge, 
of Cedar Mountain, of Bull Run again, of Chan- 
tilly, of Washington in North Carolina, of South 
Mountain, of Antietam, of Fredericksburg and Golds- 
borough, — through all the capricious fortunes of 
the war the regiments of Massachusetts have borne 
her flag by the side of the banner of the Union. 
And, beyond the Atlantic slope, every battle-field 
has drunk the blood of her sons, nurtured among 
her hills and sands, from which in adventurous 
manhood they turned then* footsteps to the West. 
Officers and enlisted men have vied with each other 
in deeds of valor. The flag, whose standard-bearer, 
shot down in battle, tossed it from his dying hand 
nerved by undying patriotism, has been caught by the 
comrade, who m his turn has closed his eyes for the 
last time upon its starry folds as another hero-martyr 
clasped the splintered stafl" and rescued the symbol 
at once of country and of their blood-bought fame. 

How can fleeting words of human praise gild 
the record of their glory? Our eyes suflused with 
tears, and blood retreating to the heart, stirred 
with unwonted thrill, speak with the eloquence of 
nature, uttered, but unexpressed. From the din of 
the battle, they have passed to the peace of eternity. 
Farewell! warrior, citizen, patriot, lover, friend, — 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 71 

whether in the humbler ranks or bearmg the sword 
of official power, whether private, captain, surgeon or 
chaplain, for all these in the heady fight have passed 
away, — Hail ! and Farewell ! Each hero must sleep 
serenely on the field where he fell in a cause " sacred 
to liberty and the rights of mankmd." 

Worn by no wasting, lingering pain, 
" No cold gradations of decay, 
Death broke at once the vital chain, 
And freed his soul the nearest way." 

Massachusetts — Union — Libertij. 
Massachusetts, limited in territory, aiming to culti- 
vate and develope the capacities of both man and 
nature, given to no one distinctive pursuit, but devoted 
to many, is at once an agricultural, commercial and 
manufacturing Commonwealth. The mdividual citizen, 
adapting himself to the seasons and the market, is not 
unfrequently an expert in divers callings. In the 
winter he cuts ice on Crystal Lake for Calcutta, and he 
goes fishing in the summer on the Banks of Newfound- 
land. He carries on his father's homestead in the srrow- 
ing season, and makes boots for Boston market in the 
intervals of farming. He scours the Pacific in a New 
Bedford whaler while he is young and fond of adven- 
ture, and settles down at last the keeper of a country 



72 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

store on Nantucket. He goes to college for his own 
education, and teaches school himself in the college 
vacation. He manufactures ploughs and reapers in 
Massachusetts, and puts his earnings into railroads in 
Michigan, Iowa, and Wisconsin. Massachusetts buys 
material from all who have it to sell, and vends her 
wares m every State. Her sons have been found 
pursuing their way in every opening of the West and 
South, while her own narrow but hospitable borders 
afford a prosperous home to tens of thousands honest 
sons and daughters of toil, from every nation in 
Europe. 

Peaceful, rural, and simple in their tastes, her 
people, never forgetting the lessons learned by their 
fathers, not less of War than of Religion, are found in 
arms for their fathers' flag w^herever it waves, from 
Boston to Galveston. The troops of Massachusetts 
in Maryland, in Virginia, in the Carolinas, in Louis- 
iana, in Texas ; the details from her regiments for 
gunboat service on the southern and western rivers ; her 
seamen in the navy, assisting at the reduction of the 
forts from Hatteras Inlet to the city of New Orleans, 
or going down to that silence deeper than the sea, in 
the Monitor or the Cumberland, — all remember their 
native State as a single star of a brilliant constel- 
lation, the many in one, they call their country. By 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 73 

the facts of our history, the very character of our 
people, and the tendencies of their education, industry 
and training, Massachusetts is independent in her 
opinions, loyal to the Union, and the uncompromising 
foe of treason. 

Geographically on one side of the continent, her 
soldiers come from the Golden Gate of California to 
encamp by Dorchester Heights, that they may serve 
under the white flag of the Pilgrim Commonwealth. 
We proudly count our brethren in public station and 
in all the honored walks of private life, m Oregon as 
well as in Barnstable. Her sons have sent from 
around the world theii- benefactions for the relief of 
the families of her braves. Though no drop of the 
" Father of Waters " laves our shores, or descended 
on any hill top which sheds into our streams; yet, 
narrowed by no policy of sectional or territorial jeal- 
ousy, we would gladly and proudly contribute through 
the National treasury, in the interest of our National 
defences, for the connection by Ship Canal of the 
Mississippi with Lake Michigan, and of Lake Erie 
with the Hudson. 

Unionists m no double sense, we have held from 
the begmning that the Government, greater than any 
class of men or of interests, has an original and impre- 
scriptible right to the devoted and hearty service of 

10 



74 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 

every subject of its protection and power. We deny 
the rightfulness of the rebellion, and we are in arms 
against it ; and we have equally denied that the rebel 
States could rightfully be allowed to impose their 
treasonable will upon any human being whose interest 
or deshes would make him loyal. While our wives 
surrender their husbands and our fathers then* sons to 
all the perils of a dreadful war waged by rebellion, 
we have never discovered a reason why the rebels 
should retain their slaves, and compel them to be 
rebels too. Supporting always the government, Avith- 
out conditions as to its policy, we rejoice with unutter- 
able joy that its policy is that of human nature, and 
not that of human sophistry ; and we hail the return- 
ing day of the civic vu'tues, which our national 
departure from the practice of Justice and the prin- 
ciples of our fathers, had discouraged hi the North 
and had overthrown in the South. 

Gentlemen of the Senate and 

House op Representatives: 

Practical questions of grave and important moment 
are before the government and the people of the 
United States. A large number of poor persons, 
without capital save then' ability to labor, with new 
motives to industry, subordination and good conduct, 



1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 75 

will claim an interest in the thoughts of statesmeu. 
Near Fortress Monroe, in the Sea Islands of South 
Carolina, in New Orleans, and in its neighboring par- 
ishes, they have already tried the new-born gift of 
liberty, with success and honor. 

In a few brief years, we shall have paid the national 
debt incurred during the present war, by the enlarged 
value which freedom will have given to the property 
of the rebel States, the increased productive ability of 
freedmen over slaves, and their multiplied power to 
buy and consume the products of manufactures and 
the arts. 

The people of America will have saved the Union, 
saved democratic-republican liberty, both menaced by 
the same dangers, will have perpetuated the govern- 
ment, magnified the Constitution and made it honor- 
able, and will have crowned a great career of glory 
with an act of expedient justice unequalled for its 
grandeur in all the history of mankind. 



76 



GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. 



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79 



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GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. 



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ADDRESS 



HIS EXCELLENCY JOHN A. ANDREW, 



TO T H K 



LEGISLATURE OF MASSACHUSETTS, 



JANUARY 9, 1863. 





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